Prof. Virender Koundal
In February 1994, at a time of intense militancy and cross-border terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, the Parliament of India passed a historic and unanimous resolution. This resolution clearly declared that the entire territory of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of India. It also affirmed that Pakistan must vacate the areas of the state under its illegal occupation. The resolution reflected not just a political statement, but a national commitment. It represented the collective will of the people of India as expressed through their elected representatives. More than three decades have passed since that resolution, yet its spirit and objective remain deeply relevant.
After independence in 1947, due to invasion and war, a large part of Jammu and Kashmir more than 1.21 lakh square kilometres came under illegal occupation. This includes areas under Pakistan’s control, often referred to as Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (PoJK), and areas under China’s control, including Aksai Chin and territories ceded illegally by Pakistan to China in 1963. These lands were part of the princely state that legally acceded to India through the Instrument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh on 26 October 1947. This accession was accepted by the Government of India and was complete and final under international law. Therefore, the Parliament’s 1994 resolution (Sankalp) reaffirmed a historical and legal truth.
The need for the 1994 resolution (Sankalp) arose from the circumstances of the early 1990s. Jammu and Kashmir was witnessing severe terrorism supported from across the border. There were attempts to question India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. In such a situation, the Parliament stood united. All political parties, cutting across ideological lines, passed the resolution unanimously. It was a rare and powerful moment of national unity. The resolution sent a strong message to the world that on matters of national sovereignty and territorial integrity, India speaks with one voice. Since 1994, several steps have been taken to strengthen India’s position on Jammu and Kashmir. Diplomatically, India has consistently maintained that the entire territory of Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of India and that Pakistan is in illegal occupation of certain areas. India has also emphasized that any dialogue with Pakistan must include the issue of vacating these illegally occupied territories.
In 2019, the Government of India took a major constitutional step by abrogating Article 370 and reorganizing the state into two Union TerritoriesJammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh. This decision was projected as a measure to fully integrate the region with the rest of India and to ensure uniform application of the Constitution. The move was supported by Parliament and was presented as part of a long-term national strategy for stability, development, and integration. Infrastructure development, increased investment, grassroots democracy through Panchayat and local body elections, and welfare schemes have been implemented with renewed focus. However, while internal integration and development are important, the larger issue raised in the 1994 resolution remains incomplete. The resolution clearly stated that Pakistan must vacate the areas under its occupation. This objective cannot be achieved merely through government action; it requires sustained national will and clarity of purpose. History teaches us that great national goals are achieved when governments and citizens together take a firm and collective resolve.
In Indian tradition, the idea of “Sankalp” carries deep meaning. A sankalp is not just a wish; it is a solemn vow taken with full dedication and moral strength. When Shri Ram took the sankalp to rescue Sita and defeat injustice, he did so despite immense obstacles. His resolve united people across regions and backgrounds. When Bhishma took his great vow, he stood by it throughout his life with discipline and sacrifice. Chanakya took a sankalp to build a strong and united Bharat after witnessing foreign invasions and internal weakness. Through strategy, patience, and determination, he helped establish a powerful empire under Chandragupta Maurya. Chhatrapati ShivajiMaharaj took a sankalp to establish self-rule and protect the dignity of his people. His commitment inspired generations and changed the course of history. These examples show that national transformation begins with clarity of purpose and moral courage. The 1994 Parliamentary Resolution can also be seen as a national sankalp. But a resolution on paper must be supported by living commitment in society. The question today is: how do we transform this resolution into a people’s movement rooted in awareness, unity, and determination?
There are global examples that show how national will can shape history. Israel, since its establishment, has shown unwavering commitment to its sovereignty and security. Despite wars, terrorism, and diplomatic pressures, it has maintained a clear national consensus on key security issues. Its citizens, government, and armed forces operate with a shared understanding of national interest. Germany, after World War II, was divided for decades. Yet the German people never lost hope for reunification. The Berlin Wall fell not only because of political changes but also because of sustained public aspiration and national will. The reunification of Germany in 1990 was the result of long-term determination and favorable international conditions, combined with readiness at home. These examples do not suggest that situations are identical, but they highlight one truth: when a nation keeps its long-term goals alive in public consciousness and policy, possibilities open over time. India too must remember its 1994 resolution not as a forgotten document, but as a living commitment.
What, then, is needed from the government? First, consistent diplomatic engagement at global forums to highlight the issue of illegal occupation and human rights violations in those areas. The voices of people living in those territories should be heard internationally. Second, continued strengthening of border infrastructure, national security, and technological capabilities. A strong and secure India commands respect. Third, economic growth and internal stability are essential. A prosperous and united India will have greater global influence and negotiating power. Fourth, research, documentation, and academic engagement on the history and legal status of Jammu and Kashmir must be encouraged so that facts are clearly understood by the younger generation. The government must also ensure inclusive development in Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh so that these regions become models of peace and progress. When these regions flourish economically and socially, it sends a powerful message. Good governance, transparent institutions, employment opportunities, tourism development, and cultural preservation are all part of strengthening national integration.
However, government efforts alone are not enough. Citizens too have a vital role. First and foremost, awareness is important. Many young Indians may not fully know the historical and legal background of Jammu and Kashmir or the content of the 1994 resolution. Educational institutions, media, and civil society can play a role in spreading balanced and factual information. Awareness should not create hatred; it should create clarity and responsibility. Second, national unity must be preserved. On issues of territorial integrity, divisions based on party politics, region, or community weaken the national voice. The 1994 resolution was passed unanimously. That spirit of unity should be maintained. Citizens should support constructive dialogue, avoid misinformation, and promote peace and stability. Third, economic contribution is also part of national sankalp. When citizens pay taxes honestly, follow the law, and contribute to economic growth, they strengthen the nation’s capacity. A strong economy supports strong diplomacy and defense. Fourth, respect and support for the armed forces and security personnel are essential. They safeguard the nation’s borders and endure harsh conditions. Moral support from society strengthens their spirit. Fifth, intellectual engagement is necessary. Scholars, writers, journalists, and policy experts can research and write about the issue with responsibility and depth. International law, geopolitics, regional development, and human rights dimensions need careful study. In a globalized world, narratives matter. India’s position should be articulated clearly and calmly in global academic and diplomatic circles.
Turning the 1994 resolution into a mass movement does not mean aggressive slogans or hostility. It means a disciplined, patient, and long-term national commitment. Just as Shri Ram’s sankalp was rooted in dharma and justice, India’s commitment must be rooted in legality, peace, and fairness. Just as Chanakya used strategy and wisdom rather than mere emotion, India must combine resolve with diplomacy and development. Just as ShivajiMaharaj built institutions and inspired people at the grassroots, India must build strong institutions and inspire citizens.
In today’s world, conflicts are complex. Military action alone cannot resolve territorial disputes. International relations involve law, diplomacy, economic interdependence, and public opinion. Therefore, India’s approach must be comprehensive. The 1994 resolution provides the moral and political foundation. The path forward requires patience, unity, and strength. It is also important to remember that people living in areas under illegal occupation are part of the larger historical and cultural fabric of Jammu and Kashmir. Any future resolution must ensure peace, dignity, and development for all. The objective is not land alone; it is justice, stability, and the welfare of people. A responsible nation thinks not only of territory but also of human lives.
As India moves forward as one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies and an important global voice, its confidence is rising. The coming decades may present new diplomatic opportunities and strategic shifts. In such times, clarity of national purpose is essential. The 1994 Parliamentary Resolution should remain part of public discourse, policy thinking, and national education. Now it is our turn. A generation has grown up after 1994. Many may not remember that unanimous moment in Parliament when India declared with one voice that the entire territory of Jammu and Kashmir is an integral part of the nation. Remembering that resolution is not about revisiting the past with anger; it is about carrying forward a lawful and constitutional commitment with confidence and unity.
Let us take inspiration from the great sankalps of our civilization. Let us learn from nations that stood firm in pursuit of their legitimate goals. Let us build a strong, united, prosperous India. Let government and citizens together renew the spirit of the 1994 resolutionnot in haste, not in hostility, but in steady and disciplined determination.History shows that when a nation remains united in its resolve, time often works in its favour. The 1994 Parliamentary Resolution is more than a statement; it is a reminder of our collective responsibility. With clarity, courage, and commitment, India can keep this sankalp alive and work patiently towards its realization.